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Wiki Articles - Structured Representation of Information
The Need for Ontologies
Information is scattered within organisations and often not held in such a structured way as to be easily accessed by employees or software. This problem was examined by Lau et al (2005) using the example of McDonnell Douglas (now part of Boeing)
Information is scattered within organisations and often not held in such a structured way as to be easily accessed by employees or software. This problem was examined by Lau et al (2005) using the example of McDonnell Douglas (now part of Boeing)
According to USFDA, a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and device; biological product and device; drug and biological product
, that demonstrated how difficult it is to gather unstructured knowledge. Therefore, it is important that research is undertaken into methods of capturing, structuring, distributing, analysing, and visualising information.
Taxonomies, Ontologies and Structuring of Informati
Taxonomies, Ontologies and Structuring of Informati
; or drug, device, and biological product and fixed dose combination would include two or more combinations of drug.
Examples of combination products may in
Examples of combination products may in
on
An ontology is a classification structure. A taxonomy can be just a convenient structure to assist programmers, or part of an overall 'thesaurus' which describes and agrees the meaning of things. This 'thesaurus' structure is the ontology and may contain one or more tax
An ontology is a classification structure. A taxonomy can be just a convenient structure to assist programmers, or part of an overall 'thesaurus' which describes and agrees the meaning of things. This 'thesaurus' structure is the ontology and may contain one or more tax
lude drug-coated devices, drugs packaged with delivery devices in medical kits, and drugs and devices packaged separately but intended to be used together.
onomies. Engineers may have different names for the same thing, e.g. wing skin stiffeners may be referred to as stringers, but rib stiffeners are never called stringers. There is a relationship of stringer to stiffener, which needs to be defined, and this definition depends on
here is enormous increase in the number of combination products entering the market in the recent years. Combination products have proven advantages but fixe
he context. A classification scheme or ontology is necessary in order to make communication precise. Such an ontology can also be used to help non-specialists to understand the terminology of a particular domain. The ontology can also enable communication between the computer s
d dose combinations are still in the process of convincing regulatory authority on their advantages over the single ingredient formulations.
Combination pro
Combination pro
ystems and users. Hunter (2002) explains how taxonomies can be the basis of the definitions for an ontology, and that commercial software is available. Hunter gives examples of the Ministry of Defense technology taxonomy, and the Boeing online ontology. The taxonomy "Type-Of" a
ucts have become life saving products for the pharmaceutical companies who doesn’t have many innovative molecules in their product pipeline and have been inc
nd "Part-Of" relationships can indicate how to construct the taxonomy. Veryard (2001) and McGuinness (2000) provide useful guides on how ontologies can assist in linking distributed data. This linking and connectivity is also explained in 'Ontologies and Semantics for Seamless
easingly used in the product life cycle management. Even the companies having product patents are trying to extend their product life cycle through the combi
Connectivity' Uschold and Gruninger (2004).
Knowledge based systems need to allow a variety of people in different disciplines to share knowledge across functional, departmental, and disciplinary boundaries. Consideration is needed of the further problem that certain knowledge
Knowledge based systems need to allow a variety of people in different disciplines to share knowledge across functional, departmental, and disciplinary boundaries. Consideration is needed of the further problem that certain knowledge
nation products and maximize the revenues. But the companies involved in this practice are overlooking that they are burdening the patients both economically
should be shared with others outside the organisation such as suppliers, and customers.
There is a strong need for uniting of the approaches of top down ontology definition by a small group of experts with that of the bottom up approach of allowing all users to define the onto
There is a strong need for uniting of the approaches of top down ontology definition by a small group of experts with that of the bottom up approach of allowing all users to define the onto
and physically. They need to rightly judge the benefits of the combination products and they have to even look at the risks involved when combining the produ
logy. Software applications are needed that allow users with little software knowledge to edit and update ontologies themselves. The extent to which an organisation allows this depends on its structure but if this is completely prevented or not enabled in the first place, there
ts. Some of the combination products were well accepted by physicians while others suffered. Companies involved in development of combination products are fi
will be user dissatisfaction resulting from their lack of involvement. It is also likely that progress in defining and editing the ontology would be delayed.
The varied user base of knowledge systems results in a further problem, which is that of fragmentation of the language
The varied user base of knowledge systems results in a further problem, which is that of fragmentation of the language
ding difficulty in defining their combination products and facing various challenges from selecting a combination to marketing it.
Following aspects would a
Following aspects would a
itself. As the users are in different trades and professions they will not necessarily understand the same words, or assign to them the same meaning. Again this makes it necessary to structure the information in a knowledge-based system carefully, to ensure it can be well visu
dd to the challenges in developing combination products:
Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod
Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod
lised, and agreements can be reached.
Relationships between terms such as type-of, and part-of become more important than the term itself, as the relationship defines the meaning of the term by relating it to the other terms. These relationships can then be represented in diag
Relationships between terms such as type-of, and part-of become more important than the term itself, as the relationship defines the meaning of the term by relating it to the other terms. These relationships can then be represented in diag
cts are meaningful and rational?
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin
rammatic form and navigated, in order to allow the meaning of terms to be agreed and explained. A classification structure such as this is termed the ontology.
My objective is to build a catalogue and make use of it for decision support and costing systems, while demonstrating
My objective is to build a catalogue and make use of it for decision support and costing systems, while demonstrating
tions increase the patient compliance?
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen
that the same approach could be used for other types of system(s). It is essential that this catalogue can query information from organisations’ existing database systems. Most large organisations have key operational knowledge and information dispersed across different types
t?
As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel
As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel
of information systems, often in relational databases. This has the advantage of allowing the use of the standardised language Structured Query Language (SQL) to access this information.
This research is explained in greater depth at ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.
Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust
This research is explained in greater depth at ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.
Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust
c.uk/amrc/seeds/ModellingSemanticWeb.htm">http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/amrc/seeds/ModellingSemanticWeb.htm and http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/amrc/seeds/PeterHale/RDF/RDF.htm.
References
References
y and representatives from various regulatory agencies are working out to design the regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of combination products
Hunter, A., 2002. Engineering Ontologies http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/a.hunter/tradepress/eng.html.
Lau, H. C. W., Ning, A., Pun, K. F., Chin, K. S., Ip, W. H., 2005. A knowledge-based system to support procurement decision. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(1), pp 87-100.
.
As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de
As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de
McGuinness, D. L., 2000. Conceptual Modeling for Distributed Ontology Environments. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Conceptual Structures Logical, Linguistic, and Computational Issues (ICCS 2000), Darmstadt, Germany. August 14-18, 2000.
Uschold, M., Grun
elopment. They need to be wiser in analyzing the market trends and the regulatory requirements.
Companies that provide selfless information through particip
Companies that provide selfless information through particip
inger, M., 2004. Ontologies and Semantics for Seamless Connectivity, Association for Computer Machinery - Special Interest Group on Management of Data - SIGMOD Record December, 33(4).
Veryard R., 2001. Data Mappings http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~rxv/infomgt/datamapping.pdf
Veryard R., 2001. Data Mappings http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~rxv/infomgt/datamapping.pdf
tion in industry events and feedback to regulatory authorities would be able to face the challenges and will be successful in developing combination products
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